Accounting for Inventory
Inventory Classification:
- Raw Materials: Basic inputs for production.
- Work-in-Progress (WIP): Partially completed goods.
- Finished Goods: Completed products ready for sale.
Valuation Methods:
- FIFO (First-In, First-Out): Assumes earliest items purchased are sold first. Common in perishable goods industries.
- LIFO (Last-In, First-Out): Assumes latest items purchased are sold first. Used in industries facing inflation.
- Weighted Average: Averages the cost of all inventory items. Useful for homogenous products.
ERP Integration: An ERP system can manage inventory levels, apply appropriate valuation methods, and provide real-time insights into inventory status.
Example: A retailer like Zara uses ERP systems to manage inventory across global stores, ensuring optimal stock levels and timely replenishments.
Accounting for Depreciation
Depreciation Methods:
- Straight-Line: Evenly spreads the cost over an asset’s useful life. Simple and widely used.
- Written Down Value (Declining Balance): Accelerated depreciation method where more expense is recognized in earlier years.
- Sinking Fund: Sets aside funds to replace the asset at the end of its useful life.
ERP Integration: An ERP system can automate depreciation calculations, ensuring compliance with accounting standards and providing accurate asset valuation.
Example: A manufacturing company like Ford uses ERP systems to track and depreciate assets, ensuring accurate financial reporting and capital planning.
Accounting for Long-Lived Assets and Depreciation
Long-lived assets, such as property, plant, and equipment (PPE), are vital for business operations. Accurate accounting ensures proper asset management and financial reporting.
Depreciation Considerations:
- Useful Life: Estimated duration the asset will be productive.
- Residual Value: Estimated value at the end of its useful life.
ERP Integration: ERP systems track asset acquisition, depreciation, and disposal, ensuring accurate financial records and asset management.
Example: Airlines like Delta use ERP systems to manage their fleet, ensuring timely maintenance, depreciation, and compliance with regulations.